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Bacterial endospore formers can produce spores that are resistant to many food processing conditions, including heat. Some spores may survive heating processes aimed at production of commercially sterile foods. Recently, it was shown that a  spoVA  operon, designated  spoVA  2mob , present on a Tn 1546  transposon in  Bacillus subtilis , leads to profoundly increased wet heat resistance of  B. subtilis  spores. Such Tn 1546  transposon elements including the  spoVA  2mob  operon were also found in several strains of  Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  and  Bacillus licheniformis , and these strains were shown to produce spores with significantly higher resistances to wet heat than their counterparts lacking this transposon. In this study, the locations and compositions of Tn 1546  transposons encompassing the  spoVA  2mob  operons in  B. amyloliquefaciens  and  B. licheniformis  were analyzed. Introduction of these  spoVA  2mob  operons into  B. subtilis  168 (producing spores that are not highly heat resistant) rendered mutant 168 strains that produced high-level heat resistant spores, demonstrating that these elements in  B. amyloliquefaciens  and  B. licheniformis  are responsible for high level heat resistance of spores. Assessment of growth of the nine strains of each species between 5.2°C and 57.7°C showed some differences between strains, especially at lower temperatures, but all strains were able to grow at 57.7°C. Strains of  B. amyloliquefaciens  and  B. licheniformis  that contain the Tn 1546  elements (and produce high-level heat resistant spores) grew at temperatures similar to those of their Tn 1546 -negative counterparts that produce low-level heat resistant spores. The findings presented in this study allow for detection of  B. amyloliquefaciens  and  B. licheniformis  strains that produce highly heat resistant spores in the food chain.

frontiers in microbiology

High-Level Heat Resistance of Spores of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis Results from the Presence of a spoVA Operon in a Tn1546 Transposon