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Objective:  The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) and carbapenemases as well as plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant (PMQR) among extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R)  Escherichia coli  from dogs in Shaanxi province in China.   Methods:  A total of 40 ESC-R  Escherichia coli  selected from 165 Extraintestinal pathogenic  E. coli  (ExPEC) isolated from dogs were screened and characterized for the genes encoding for the ESBLs, pAmpC, carbapenemases and PMQR genes by PCR and sequencing. Phylogenetic groups, virulence gene profiles and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to investigate the genetic background of the ESC-R  E. coli  isolates.   Results:  Among 40 ESC-R  E. coli , the predominant β-lactamase gene was  bla  CTX−Ms  ( n  = 35), and followed by  bla  TEM−1  ( n  = 31),  bla  SHV−12  ( n  = 14),  bla  OXA−48  ( n  = 8),  bla  TEM−30  ( n  = 4),  bla  CMY−2  ( n  = 3) and  bla  DHA−1  ( n  = 2). The most common specific  bla  CTX−M  gene subtype was  bla   CTX − M −15  ( n  = 31), and followed by  bla  CTX−M−123  ( n  = 14),  bla  CTX−M−1  ( n  = 10),  bla  CTX−M−14  ( n  = 10) and  bla  CTX−M−9  ( n  = 7). PMQR genes were detected in 32 (80%) isolates, and the predominant PMQR gene was  aac(6 ′ )-Ib-cr  ( n  = 26), followed by  qnrS  ( n  = 12),  qnrD  ( n  = 9),  qnrB  ( n  = 8),  qepA  ( n  = 4), and all PMQR genes were detected in co-existence with β-lactamase genes.  traT  ( n  = 34) and  fimH  ( n  = 32) were the most prevalent virulence genes, and virulence genes  fimH, iutA, fyuA, malX, iha , and  sat  were more prevalent in phylogenetic group B2. The 40 ESC-R isolates analyzed were assigned to 22 sequence types (STs), and the clonal lineages ST131 ( n  = 10) and ST10 ( n  = 9) were the predominant STs.   Conclusion:  High prevalence of β-lantamases and PMQR genes were detected among ESC-R  E. coli  from companion animals. This is also the first description of the co-existence of six β-lantamase genes and five PMQR genes in one  E. coli  isolate. Moreover, 10 ST131 clones harboring CTX-M-15 were detected.

frontiers in microbiology

High Prevalence of β-lactamase and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Dogs in Shaanxi, China