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Penicillium capsulatum  is a rare  Penicillium  species used in paper manufacturing, but recently it has been reported to cause invasive infection. To research the pathogenicity of the clinical  Penicillium  strain, we sequenced the genomes and transcriptomes of the clinical and environmental strains of  P. capsulatum.  Comparative analyses of these two  P. capsulatum  strains and close related strains belonging to  Eurotiales  were performed. The assembled genome sizes of  P. capsulatum  are approximately 34.4 Mbp in length and encode 11,080 predicted genes. The different isolates of  P. capsulatum  are highly similar, with the exception of several unique genes, INDELs or SNPs in the genes coding for glycosyl hydrolases, amino acid transporters and circumsporozoite protein. A phylogenomic analysis was performed based on the whole genome data of 38 strains belonging to  Eurotiales . By comparing the whole genome sequences and the virulence-related genes from 20 important related species, including fungal pathogens and non-human pathogens belonging to  Eurotiales , we found meaningful pathogenicity characteristics between  P. capsulatum  and its closely related species. Our research indicated that  P. capsulatum  may be a neglected opportunistic pathogen. This study is beneficial for mycologists, geneticists and epidemiologists to achieve a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of the role of  P. capsulatum  as a newly reported fungal pathogen.

frontiers in microbiology

Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomics Analysis Revealed Pathogenic Potential in Penicillium capsulatum as a Novel Fungal Pathogen Belonging to Eurotiales