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Objective:  The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) and carbapenemases among ESBL-producing multidrug resistant (MDR)  Escherichia coli  from dogs and cats in the United States.   Methods:  Of 2443  E .coli isolated from dogs and cats collected between August 2009 and January 2013, 68 isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing MDR ones. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and shed light on the virulence gene profiles, phylogenetic groups and ST types.   Results:  Phylogenic group D and B2 accounted for 69.1% of the isolates. 50 (73.5%) isolates carried CTX-M ESBL gene, and the most predominant specific CTX-M subtype identified was  bla  CTX−M−15  ( n  = 33), followed by  bla  CTX−M−1  ( n  = 32),  bla  CTX−M−123  ( n  = 27),  bla  CTX−M−9  ( n  = 19) and  bla  CTX−M−14  ( n  = 19), and  bla  CTX−M−123  was firstly reported in  E. coli  isolates in the United States alone or in association. Other β-lactamase genes  bla  TEM ,  bla  SHV ,  bla  OXA−48 , and  bla  CMY−2  were detected in 41.2, 29.4, 19.1, and 17.6% of 68 ESBL-producing MDR isolates, respectively. The  bla  TEM  and  bla  SHV  genes were classfied as ESBLs with the exception of the  bla  TEM−1  gene. Additionally, 42.6% (29/68) of isolates co-expressed  bla  CTX−M−15  and PMQR gene  aac(6 ′ )-Ib-c . The overall occurrence of virulence genes ranged from 11.8 ( ireA ) to 88.2% ( malX ), and most of virulence genes were less frequent among CTX-M-producing isolates than non-CTX-M isolates with the exception of  malX  and  iutA . The 68 isolates analyzed were assigned to 31 STs with six being novel. Three pandemic clonal lineages ST131 ( n  = 10), ST648 ( n  = 9), and ST405 ( n  = 9) accounted for more than 41% of the investigated isolates, and ST648 and ST405 of phylogenetic D were firstly reported in  E. coli  from dogs and cats in the United States.   Conclusion:   bla  CTX−M−123  of ESBLs and carbapenemase  bla  OXA−48  were firstly reported in ESBL-producing MDR  E .coli from dogs and cats in the United States, and ST131, ST648, and ST405 were the predominant clonal groups.

frontiers in microbiology

Occurrence of OXA-48 Carbapenemase and Other β-Lactamase Genes in ESBL-Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli from Dogs and Cats in the United States, 2009–2013