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Industrial livestock farming is a possible source of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) conferring resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins. Limited information is currently available on the situation of ESBL producers in livestock farming outside of Western Europe. A surveillance study was conducted from January to May in 2014 in four dairy cattle farms in different areas of the Nile delta, Egypt.   Materials and Methods:  In total, 266 samples were collected from 4 dairy farms including rectal swabs from clinically healthy cattle ( n  = 210), and environmental samples from the stalls ( n  = 56). After 24 h pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, all samples were screened for 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant  Escherichia coli  using Brilliance™ ESBL agar. Suspected colonies of putatively ESBL-producing  E. coli  were sub-cultured and subsequently genotypically and phenotypically characterized. Susceptibility testing using the VITEK-2 system was performed. All suspect isolates were genotypically analyzed using two DNA-microarray based assays: CarbDetect AS-1 and  E. coli  PanType AS-2 kit (ALERE). These tests allow detection of a multitude of genes and their alleles associated with resistance toward carbapenems, cephalosporins, and other frequently used antibiotics. Serotypes were determined using the  E. coli  SeroGenotyping AS-1 kit (ALERE).   Results:  Out of 266 samples tested, 114 (42.8%) ESBL-producing  E. coli  were geno- and phenotypically identified. 113 of 114 phenotypically 3rd generation cephalosporin-resistant isolates harbored at least one of the ESBL resistance genes covered by the applied assays [ bla CTX-M15 ( n  = 105),  bla CTX-M9 ( n  = 1),  bla TEM ( n  = 90),  bla SHV ( n  = 1)]. Alarmingly, the carbapenemase genes  bla OXA-48 ( n  = 5) and blaOXA-181 ( n  = 1) were found in isolates that also were phenotypically resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Using the array-based serogenotyping method, 66 of the 118 isolates (55%) could be genotypically assigned to O-types.   Conclusion:  This study is considered to be a first report of the high prevalence of ESBL-producing  E. coli  in dairy farms in Egypt. ESBL-producing  E. coli  isolates with different underlying resistance mechanisms are common in investigated dairy cattle farms in Egypt. The global rise of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria is a big concern, and demands intensified surveillance.

Surveillance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Nile Delta, Egypt