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ICE Apl1  was identified in the whole genome sequence of MIDG2331, a tetracycline-resistant (MIC = 8 mg/L) serovar 8 clinical isolate of  Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae , the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. PCR amplification of  virB4 , one of the core genes involved in conjugation, was used to identify other  A. pleuropneumoniae  isolates potentially carrying ICE Apl1 . MICs for tetracycline were determined for  virB4  positive isolates, and shotgun whole genome sequence analysis was used to confirm presence of the complete ICE Apl1 . The sequence of ICE Apl1  is 56083 bp long and contains 67 genes including a Tn 10  element encoding tetracycline resistance. Comparative sequence analysis was performed with similar integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) found in other members of the  Pasteurellaceae . ICE Apl1  is most similar to the 59393 bp ICE Hin1056 , from  Haemophilus influenzae  strain 1056. Although initially identified only in serovar 8 isolates of  A. pleuropneumoniae  (31 from the UK and 1 from Cyprus), conjugal transfer of ICE Apl1  to representative isolates of other serovars was confirmed. All isolates carrying ICE Apl1  had a MIC for tetracycline of 8 mg/L. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of an ICE in  A. pleuropneumoniae , and the first report of a member of the ICE Hin1056  subfamily in a non-human pathogen. ICE Apl1  confers resistance to tetracycline, currently one of the more commonly used antibiotics for treatment and control of porcine pleuropneumonia.

ICEApl1, an Integrative Conjugative Element Related to ICEHin1056, Identified in the Pig Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae