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Different species of the  Pseudomonas  genus have been reported for their pathogenic potential against animal cells. However, the pathogenicity of  Pseudomonas syringae  against  Caenorhabditis elegans  has never been reported. In this study, the interaction of  P. syringae  MB03 with  C. elegans  was studied. Different bioassays such as killing assay, lawn leaving assay, food preference assay, L4 growth assay and newly developed “secretion assay” were performed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of  P. syringae  on different growth media. The results of the killing assay showed that  P. syringae  MB03 was able to kill  C. elegans  under specific conditions, as the interaction between the host and the pathogen varied from non-pathogenic (assay on NGM medium) to pathogenic (assay on PG medium). The lawn leaving assay and the food preference assay illustrated that  C. elegans  identified  P. syringae  MB03 as a pathogen when assays were performed on PG medium. Green fluorescent protein was used as the reporter protein to study gut colonization by  P. syringae  MB03. Our results suggested that MB03 has the ability to colonize the gut of  C. elegans.  Furthermore, to probe the role of selected virulence determinants, qRT-PCR was used. The genes for pyoverdine,  phoQ/phoP, phoR/phoB , and flagella were up regulated during the interaction of  P. syringae  MB03 and  C. elegans  on PG medium. Other than these, the genes for some proteases, such as  pepP ,  clpA , and  clpS , were also up regulated. On the other hand,  kdpD  and  kdpB  were down regulated more than threefold in the NGM –  C. elegans  interaction model. The deletion of the  kdpD  and  kdpE  genes altered the pathogenicity of the bacterial strain against  C. elegans . Overall, our results suggested that the killing of  C. elegans  by  P. syringae  requires a prolonged interaction between the host and pathogen in an agar-based assay. Moreover, it seemed that some toxic metabolites were secreted by the bacterial strain that were sensed by  C. elegans . Previously, it was believed that  P. syringae  could not damage animal cells. However, this study provides evidence of the pathogenic behavior of  P. syringae  against  C. elegans .

frontiers in microbiology

The Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae MB03 against Caenorhabditis elegans and the Transcriptional Response of Nematicidal Genes upon Different Nutritional Conditions