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Lettuce drop, caused by the soil borne pathogen  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , is one of the most common and serious diseases of lettuce worldwide. Increased concerns about the side effects of chemical pesticides have resulted in greater interest in developing biocontrol strategies against  S. sclerotiorum . However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms of  Streptomyces  spp. as biological control agents against  S. sclerotiorum  on lettuce. Two  Streptomyces  isolates,  S. exfoliatus  FT05W and  S. cyaneus  ZEA17I, inhibit mycelial growth of  Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  by more than 75%  in vitro . We evaluated their biocontrol activity against  S. sclerotiorum in vivo , and compared them to  Streptomyces lydicus  WYEC 108, isolated from  Actinovate ®. When  Streptomyces  spp. (10 6  CFU/mL) were applied to  S. sclerotiorum  inoculated substrate in a growth chamber 1 week prior lettuce sowing, they significantly reduced the risk of lettuce drop disease, compared to the inoculated control. Interestingly, under field conditions,  S. exfoliatus  FT05W and  S. cyaneus  ZEA17I protected lettuce from drop by 40 and 10% respectively, whereas  S. lydicus  WYEC 108 did not show any protection. We further labeled  S. exfoliatus  FT05W and  S. cyaneus  ZEA17I with the enhanced GFP (EGFP) marker to investigate their rhizosphere competence and ability to colonize lettuce roots using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The abundant colonization of young lettuce seedlings by both strains demonstrated  Streptomyces ' capability to interact with the host from early stages of seed germination and root development. Moreover, the two strains were detected also on 2-week-old roots, indicating their potential of long-term interactions with lettuce. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed EGFP- S. exfoliatus  FT05W endophytic colonization of lettuce root cortex tissues. Finally, we determined its viability and persistence in the rhizosphere and endorhiza up to 3 weeks by quantifying its concentration in these compartments. Based on these results we conclude that  S. exfoliatus  FT05W has high potential to be exploited in agriculture for managing soil borne diseases barely controlled by available plant protection products.

Biological Control of Lettuce Drop and Host Plant Colonization by Rhizospheric and Endophytic Streptomycetes