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Non-host resistance (NHR) is a broad-spectrum plant defense. Upon colonizing on the surface on the root or leaves of non-host species, pathogens initial encounter preform and induce defense response in plant, such as induced hypersensitive response, PAMPs triggered immunity (PTI), and effector triggered immunity (ETI). The ability of plants to develop an induced systemic response (ISR) in reaction to the colonization by non-pathogenic rhizobacterium depends on interactions between host plants and the colonizing rhizobacterium, and the ISR also can be defined as a NHR. However, how the colonization signal is and how systemic resistance to pathogens is developed is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) of  Bacillus cereus  AR156 could act as novel microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and function in the early perception status of the ISR of  B. cereus  AR156. The results revealed that  B. cereus  AR156 EPS could induce systemic resistance to  Pst  DC3000 in  Arabidopsis . Cellular defense response markers such as hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-associated enzyme were induced upon challenge inoculation in the leaves primed by EPS. Moreover, the defense-related genes  PR1, PR2 , and  PR5  and mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) cascade marker gene  MPK6  were concurrently expressed in the leaves of EPS-treated plants and induced higher resistance to  Pst  DC3000 in Col-0 than that in the  jar1  or  etr1  mutants. The protection was absent in the  NahG  transgenic plants and  npr1  mutant, suggesting an activation of the salicylic acid (SA)- and the MAPK-dependent signaling pathways with NPR1-dependent by  B. cereus  AR156 EPS. In conclusion,  B. cereus  AR156 EPS play an important role in MAMP perception during the process of rhizobacteria-triggered NHR. This study is the first to illustrate how AR156 induces systemic resistance to  Pst  DC3000 in  Arabidopsis . It also provides the first explanation of how plants perceive colonization of non-pathogenic bacteria and how rhizobacteria trigger ISR to plant pathogens.

frontiers in microbiology

Bacillus cereus AR156 Extracellular Polysaccharides Served as a Novel Micro-associated Molecular Pattern to Induced Systemic Immunity to Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis