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Aspergillus nidulans  asexual sporulation (conidiation) is triggered by different environmental signals and involves the differentiation of specialized structures called conidiophores. The elimination of genes  flbA-E, fluG , and  tmpA  results in a  fluffy  phenotype characterized by delayed conidiophore development and decreased expression of the conidiation essential gene  brlA . While  flbA-E  encode regulatory proteins,  fluG  and  tmpA  encode enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of independent signals needed for normal conidiation. Here we identify  afeA  and  tmpB  as new genes encoding members the adenylate-forming enzyme superfamily, whose inactivation cause different  fluffy  phenotypes and decreased conidiation and  brlA  expression. AfeA is most similar to unknown function coumarate ligase-like (4CL-Lk) enzymes and consistent with this, a K544N active site modification eliminates AfeA function. TmpB, identified previously as a larger homolog of the oxidoreductase TmpA, contains a NRPS-type adenylation domain. A high degree of synteny in the  afeA-tmpA  and  tmpB  regions in the Aspergilli suggests that these genes are part of conserved gene clusters.  afeA, tmpA , and  tmpB  double and triple mutant analysis as well as  afeA  overexpression experiments indicate that TmpA and AfeA act in the same conidiation pathway, with TmpB acting in a different pathway. Fluorescent protein tagging shows that functional versions of AfeA are localized in lipid bodies and the plasma membrane, while TmpA and TmpB are localized at the plasma membrane. We propose that AfeA participates in the biosynthesis of an acylated compound, either a  p -cuomaryl type or a fatty acid compound, which might be oxidized by TmpA and/or TmpB, while TmpB adenylation domain would be involved in the activation of a hydrophobic amino acid, which in turn would be oxidized by the TmpB oxidoreductase domain. Both, AfeA-TmpA and TmpB signals are involved in self-communication and reproduction in  A. nidulans .

The Adenylate-Forming Enzymes AfeA and TmpB Are Involved in Aspergillus nidulans Self-Communication during Asexual Development