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Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) of the ICE Sa 2603 family have been isolated from several species of  Streptococcus  spp.; however, the comparative genomic and evolutionary analyses of these particular ICEs are currently only at their initial stages. By investigating 13 ICEs of the ICE Sa 2603 family and two ICE Sa 2603 family-like ICEs derived from diverse hosts and locations, we have determined that ICEs comprised a backbone of 30 identical syntenic core genes and accessory genes that were restricted to the intergenic sites or the 3′-end of the non-conserved domain of core genes to maintain its function. ICE Sa 2603 family integrase Int ICE   Sa   2603  specifically recognized a 15-bp  att  sequence (TTATTTAAGAGTAAC) at the 3′-end of  rplL , which was highly conserved in genus  Streptococcus . Phylogenetic analyses suggest that extensive recombination/insertion and the occurrence of a hybrid/mosaic in the ICE Sa 2603 family were responsible for the significant increase in ICE diversity, thereby broadening its host range. Approximately 42.5 and 38.1% of the tested  Streptococcus suis  and  Streptococcus agalactiae  clinical isolates respectively contained ICE Sa 2603 family Type IV secretion system (T4SS) genes, and 80.5 and 62.5% of which also respectively carried  int  ICE   Sa   2603 , indicating that ICE Sa 2603 family is widely distributed across these bacteria. Sequencing and conjugation transfer of a novel sequence type ST303 clinical  S. suis  isolate HB1011 demonstrated that the 89K-subtype ICE Ssu HB1011 retained its transferrable function, thereby conferring tetracycline and macrolide resistance.

frontiers in microbiology

Comparative Genomic Analysis of the ICESa2603 Family ICEs and Spread of erm(B)- and tet(O)-Carrying Transferable 89K-Subtype ICEs in Swine and Bovine Isolates in China