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Komagataeibacter  (formerly  Gluconacetobacter )  xylinus  ATCC 53582 is a plant-associated model organism for bacterial cellulose (BC) biosynthesis. This bacterium inhabits the carposphere where it interacts with fruit through the bi-directional transfer of phytohormones. The majority of research regarding  K. xylinus  has been focused on identifying and characterizing structural and regulatory factors that control BC biosynthesis, but its ecophysiology has been generally overlooked. Ethylene is a phytohormone that regulates plant development in a variety of ways, but is most commonly known for its positive role on fruit ripening. In this study, we utilized ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) to produce  in situ  ethylene to investigate the effects of this phytohormone on BC production and the expression of genes known to be involved in  K. xylinus  BC biosynthesis ( bcsA, bcsB, bcsC, bcsD, cmcAx, ccpAx and bglAx ). Using pellicle assays and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we demonstrate that ethephon-derived ethylene enhances BC directly in  K. xylinus  by up-regulating the expression of  bcsA  and  bcsB , and indirectly though the up-regulation of  cmcAx, ccpAx , and  bglAx . We confirm that IAA directly decreases BC biosynthesis by showing that IAA down-regulates  bcsA  expression. Similarly, we confirm that ABA indirectly influences BC biosynthesis by showing it does not affect the expression of  bcs  operon genes. In addition, we are the first to report the ethylene and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced differential expression of genes within the bacterial cellulose synthesis ( bcs ) operon. Using bioinformatics we have identified a novel phytohormone-regulated CRP/FNR Kx  transcription factor and provide evidence that it influences BC biosynthesis in  K. xylinus . Lastly, utilizing current and previous data, we propose a model for the phytohormone-mediated fruit-bacteria interactions that  K. xylinus  experiences in nature.

frontiers in microbiology

The Phytohormone Ethylene Enhances Cellulose Production, Regulates CRP/FNRKx Transcription and Causes Differential Gene Expression within the Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis Operon of Komagataeibacter (Gluconacetobacter) xylinus ATCC 53582