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Members of the phylum  Acidobacteria  are among the most abundant soil bacteria on Earth, but little is known about their response to environmental changes. We asked how the relative abundance and biogeographic patterning of this phylum and its subgroups responded to forest-to-pasture conversion in soils of the western Brazilian Amazon. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes was employed to assess the abundance and composition of the  Acidobacteria  community across 54 soil samples taken using a spatially nested sampling scheme at the landscape level. Numerically,  Acidobacteria  represented 20% of the total bacterial community in forest soils and 11% in pasture soils. Overall, 15 different  Acidobacteria  subgroups of the current 26 subgroups were detected, with  Acidobacteria  subgroups 1, 3, 5, and 6 accounting together for 87% of the total  Acidobacteria  community in forest soils and 75% in pasture soils. Concomitant with changes in soil chemistry after forest-to-pasture conversion—particularly an increase in properties linked to soil acidity and nutrient availability—we observed an increase in the relative abundances of  Acidobacteria  subgroups 4, 10, 17, and 18, and a decrease in the relative abundances of other  Acidobacteria  subgroups in pasture relative to forest soils. The composition of the total  Acidobacteria  community as well as the most abundant  Acidobacteria  subgroups (1, 3, 5, and 6) was significantly more similar in composition across space in pasture soils than in forest soils. These results suggest that preponderant responses of  Acidobacteria  subgroups, especially subgroups 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, to forest-to-pasture conversion effects in soils could be used to define management-indicators of agricultural practices in the Amazon Basin. These acidobacterial responses are at least in part through alterations on acidity- and nutrient-related properties of the Amazon soils.

Differential Response of Acidobacteria Subgroups to Forest-to-Pasture Conversion and Their Biogeographic Patterns in the Western Brazilian Amazon