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The co-cultivation of the alphaproteobacterium  Dinoroseobacter shibae  with the dinoflagellate  Prorocentrum minimum  is characterized by a mutualistic phase followed by a pathogenic phase in which the bacterium kills aging algae. Thus it resembles the “Jekyll-and-Hyde” interaction that has been proposed for other algae and  Roseobacter . Here, we identified key genetic components of this interaction. Analysis of the transcriptome of  D. shibae  in co-culture with  P. minimum  revealed growth phase dependent changes in the expression of quorum sensing, the CtrA phosphorelay, and flagella biosynthesis genes. Deletion of the histidine kinase gene  cckA  which is part of the CtrA phosphorelay or the flagella genes  fliC  or  flgK  resulted in complete lack of growth stimulation of  P. minimum  in co-culture with the  D. shibae  mutants. By contrast, pathogenicity was entirely dependent on one of the extrachromosomal elements of  D. shibae , the 191 kb plasmid. The data show that flagella and the CtrA phosphorelay are required for establishing mutualism and prove a cell density dependent killing effect of  D. shibae  on  P. minimum  which is mediated by an unknown factor encoded on the 191 kb plasmid.

Identification of Genetic Modules Mediating the Jekyll and Hyde Interaction of Dinoroseobacter shibae with the Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum