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Marine sponges often harbor dense and diverse microbial communities including actinobacteria. To date no comprehensive investigation has been performed on the culturable diversity of the actinomycetes associated with South China Sea sponges. Structurally novel aromatic polyketides were recently discovered from marine sponge-derived  Streptomyces  and  Saccharopolyspora  strains, suggesting that sponge-associated actinomycetes can serve as a new source of aromatic polyketides. In this study, a total of 77 actinomycete strains were isolated from 15 South China Sea sponge species. Phylogenetic characterization of the isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing supported their assignment to 12 families and 20 genera, among which three rare genera ( Marihabitans, Polymorphospora , and  Streptomonospora ) were isolated from marine sponges for the first time. Subsequently, β-ketoacyl synthase (KS α ) gene was used as marker for evaluating the potential of the actinomycete strains to produce aromatic polyketides. As a result, KS α  gene was detected in 35 isolates related to seven genera ( Kocuria, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Saccharopolyspora, Salinispora , and  Streptomyces ). Finally, 10 strains were selected for small-scale fermentation, and one angucycline compound was detected from the culture extract of  Streptomyces anulatus  strain S71. This study advanced our knowledge of the sponge-associated actinomycetes regarding their diversity and potential in producing aromatic polyketides.

Actinomycetes from the South China Sea sponges: isolation, diversity, and potential for aromatic polyketides discovery