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Programmed cell death in bacteria is generally associated with two-component toxin-antitoxin systems. The SpoIIS toxin-antitoxin system, consisting of a membrane-bound SpoIISA toxin and a small, cytosolic antitoxin SpoIISB, was originally identified in  Bacillus subtilis . In this work we describe the  Bacillus cereus  SpoIIS system which is a three-component system, harboring an additional gene  spoIISC . Its protein product serves as an antitoxin, and similarly as SpoIISB, is able to bind SpoIISA and abolish its toxic effect. Our results indicate that SpoIISC seems to be present not only in  B. cereus  but also in other Bacilli containing a SpoIIS toxin-antitoxin system. In addition, we show that  B. cereus  SpoIISA can form higher oligomers and we discuss the possible role of this multimerization for the protein's toxic function.

Analysis of the Bacillus cereus SpoIIS antitoxin-toxin system reveals its three-component nature