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Vibrio parahaemolyticus  is a marine and estuarine bacterium that has been the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks which leads to a significant threat to human health worldwide. Consumption of seafood contaminated with  V. parahaemolyticus  causes acute gastroenteritis in individuals. The bacterium poses two main virulence factor including the thermostable direct hemolysin ( tdh ) which is a pore-forming protein that contributes to the invasiveness of the bacterium in humans and TDH-related hemolysin ( trh ), which plays a similar role as  tdh  in the disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance  V. parahaemolyticus  strains in shrimps purchased from wetmarkets and supermarkets. The  toxR -based PCR assay indicated that a total of 57.8% (185/320) isolates were positive for  V. parahaemolyticus . Only 10% (19/185)  toxR -positive isolate exhibit the  trh  gene and none of the isolates were tested positive for  tdh . The MAR index was measured for 14 common antimicrobial agents. The results indicated 98% of the isolates were highly susceptible to imipenem, ampicillin sulbactam (96%), chloramphenicol (95%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (93%), gentamicin (85%), levofloxacin (83%), and tetracycline (82%). The chloramphenicol ( catA2 ) and kanamycin ( aphA-3 ) resistance genes were detected in the resistant  V. parahaemolyticus  isolates. Our results demonstrate that shrimps are contaminated with  V. parahaemolyticus , some of which carry the  trh -gene thus being potential to cause food borne illness. The occurrence of multidrug resistance strains in the environment could be an indication of excessive usage of antibiotics in agriculture and aquaculture fields.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail shrimps in Malaysia