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Objectives:  Previously 14 conjugative plasmids from multi-drug resistant (MDR)  Escherichia coli  from healthy humans and food-producing animals in Switzerland were sequenced. The aim of this study was to extend the genetic characterization of these plasmids with a focus on  bla  ESBL  genes including  bla  CTX-M-1  and  bla  TEM , class 1 integrons and toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems contained therein.   Methods:  The nucleotide sequences and subsequent annotation therein of 14 conjugative plasmids were previously determined from their corresponding transconjugants. The TA loci were confirmed by RASTA-Bacteria.   Results:  Eight of the conjugative plasmids identified were found to encode genes expressing ESBLs. Structural heterogeneity was noted in the regions flanking both the  bla  CTX-M-1  and  bla  TEM  genes. The  bla  CTX-M-1  genes were associated with the common insertion sequences IS Ecp1  and IS 26 , and uniquely with an IS 5  element in one case; while  bla  TEM  genes were found to be associated with IS 26  and Tn 2 . A new  bla  TEM-210  gene was identified. Seven class 1 integrons were also identified and assigned into 3 groups, denoted as In54, In369 and In501. Sixteen TA loci belonging to 4 of the TA gene families ( relBE ,  vapBC ,  ccd  and  mazEF ) were identified on 11 of these plasmids.   Conclusions:  Comparative sequence analysis of these plasmids provided data on the structures likely to contribute to sequence diversity associated with these accessory genes, including IS 26 , IS Ecp1  and Tn 2 . All of them contribute to the dissemination of the corresponding resistance genes located on the different plasmids. There appears to be no association between β-lactam encoding genes and TA systems.

frontiers in microbiology

Characterization of the genetic environment of blaESBL genes, integrons and toxin-antitoxin systems identified on large transferrable plasmids in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli