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CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS In their endless struggle to survive in harsh and rapidly changing environments, many bacteria depend on their ability to live together as multicellular communities, also known as biofilms. In these communities cells are embedded within a self-produced slimy matrix that is mainly composed out of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins (Hall-Stoodley et al., 2004). This matrix enables the cells to cover a solid surface or to float as a community and can protect them from harmful environmental substances, such as antibiotics or competitors. In addition, biofilm or matrix production can also function as a virulence factor, as described for the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis that goes along with colonization by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm (Costerton et al., 1999). The Grampositive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis can choose between a variety of lifestyles such as sporulation, motility as an explorative lifestyle, biofilm formation, and the acquisition of genetic competence for the uptake of foreign DNA (López and Kolter, 2010). In the B. subtilis biofilm communities, different groups of cells fulfill distinct functions, which are important for the well-being of the whole community of clonal identical bacteria. Some bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides and proteins and thereby provide the matrix for the community. Other cells secrete exoproteases for degradation of protein as an alternative energy source (Marlow et al., 2014). Furthermore, cells within the biofilm can differentiate into spores when the community gets older and nutrients are limiting (López and Kolter, 2010). However, not all cells within a biofilm differentiate into spores upon nutrient limitation. Some members of a biofilm community can regain motility. This allows them to leave the biofilm and explore the environment for new sources of nutrients. From an evolutionary point of view the presence of different cell forms provides versatility and enables the bacterium to adapt rapidly to different environmental conditions. But how are these complex communities and the observed cell differentiation processes regulated?

Far from being well understood: multiple protein phosphorylation events control cell differentiation in Bacillus subtilis at different levels