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Soil bacteria can benefit from co-occurring soil fungi in respect of the acquisition of carbonaceous nutrients released by fungal hyphae and the access to novel territories in soil. Here, we investigated the capacity of the mycosphere-isolated bacterium  Burkholderia terrae  BS001 to comigrate through soil along with hyphae of the soil fungi  Trichoderma asperellum ,  Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. oxysporum pv lini, Coniochaeta ligniaria, Phanerochaete velutina, and Phallus impudicus . We used  Lyophyllum sp.  strain Karsten as the reference migration-inciting fungus. Bacterial migration through presterilized soil on the extending fungal hyphae was detected with six of the seven test fungi, with only  Phallus impudicus  not showing any bacterial transport. Much like with  Lyophyllum  sp. strain Karsten, intermediate (10 6 –10 8  CFU g -1  dry soil) to high (>10 8  CFU g -1  dry soil) strain BS001 cell population sizes were found at the hyphal migration fronts of four fungi, i.e.,  T. asperellum ,  Rhizoctonia solani, F. oxysporum  and  F. oxysporum pv lini,  whereas for two fungi,  Coniochaeta ligniaria  and  Phanerochaete velutina , the migration responses were retarded and population sizes were lower (10 3 –10 6  CFU g -1  dry soil). Consistent with previous data obtained with the reference fungus, migration with the migration-inciting fungi occurred only in the direction of the hyphal growth front. Remarkably,  Burkholderia terrae  BS001 provided protection from several antifungal agents to the canonical host  Lyophyllum sp.  strain Karsten. Specifically, this host was protected from  Pseudomonas fluorescens  strain CHA0 metabolites, as well as from the anti-fungal agent cycloheximide. Similar protection by strain BS001was observed for  T. asperellum,  and, to a lower extent,  F. oxysporum  and  Rhizoctonia solani . The protective effect may be related to the consistent occurrence of biofilm-like cell layers or agglomerates at the surfaces of the protected fungi. The current study represents the first report of protection of soil fungi against antagonistic agents present in the soil provided by fungal-associated  Burkholderia terrae  cells.

Burkholderia terrae BS001 migrates proficiently with diverse fungal hosts through soil and provides protection from antifungal agents