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The symbiotic association between  Medicago truncatula  and  Sinorhizobium meliloti  is a well-established model system in the legume– Rhizobium  community. Despite its wide use, the symbiotic efficiency of this model has been recently questioned and an alternative microsymbiont,  S. medicae , has been proposed. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms behind the higher symbiotic efficiency of  S. medicae  WSM419. In the present study, we inoculated  M. truncatula  Jemalong A17 with either  S. medicae  WSM419 or  S. meliloti  2011 and compared plant growth, photosynthesis, N 2 -fixation rates, and plant nodule carbon and nitrogen metabolic activities in the two systems.  M. truncatula  plants in symbiosis with  S. medicae  showed increased biomass and photosynthesis rates per plant. Plants grown in symbiosis with  S. medicae  WSM419 also showed higher N 2 -fixation rates, which were correlated with a larger nodule biomass, while nodule number was similar in both systems. In terms of plant nodule metabolism,  M. truncatula – S. medicae  WSM419 nodules showed increased sucrose-catabolic activity, mostly associated with sucrose synthase, accompanied by a reduced starch content, whereas nitrogen-assimilation activities were comparable to those measured in nodules infected with  S. meliloti  2011. Taken together, these results suggest that  S. medicae  WSM419 is able to enhance plant carbon catabolism in  M. truncatula  nodules, which allows for the maintaining of high symbiotic N 2 -fixation rates, better growth and improved general plant performance.

Nodule carbohydrate catabolism is enhanced in the Medicago truncatula A17-Sinorhizobium medicae WSM419 symbiosis