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The complete genome sequence of  Lactobacillus  bacteriophage LL-H was determined in 1996. Accordingly, LL-H has been used as a model phage for the infection of dairy  Lactobacillus , specifically for thermophilic  Lactobacillus delbrueckii  ssp.  lactis  host strains, such as ATCC 15808. One of the major goals of phage LL-H research consisted of the characterization of the first phage-host interactions at the level of phage adsorption and phage DNA injection steps to determine effective and practical methods to minimize the risks associated with the appearance and attack of phages in the manufacture of yogurt, and Swiss or Italian hard type cheeses, which typically use thermophilic lactic acid bacteria starter cultures containing  L. delbrueckii  strains among others. This mini review article summarizes the present data concerning (i) the special features, particle structure, and components of phage LL-H and (ii) the structure and properties of lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), which are the phage LL-H receptor components of  L. delbrueckii  ssp.  lactis  host strains. Moreover, a model of the first, extracellular, phage-host interactions for the infection of  L. delbrueckii  ssp.  lactis  ATCC 15808 by phage LL-H is presented and further discussed.

The extracellular phage-host interactions involved in the bacteriophage LL-H infection of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. lactis ATCC 15808