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Microorganisms throughout the dark ocean use reduced sulfur compounds for chemolithoautotrophy. In many deep-sea hydrothermal vents, sulfide oxidation is quantitatively the most important chemical energy source for microbial metabolism both at and beneath the seafloor. In this study, the presence and activity of vent endemic  Epsilonproteobacteria  was examined in six low-temperature diffuse vents over a range of geochemical gradients from Axial Seamount, a deep-sea volcano in the Northeast Pacific. PCR primers were developed and applied to target the sulfur oxidation  soxB  gene of  Epsilonproteobacteria .  soxB  genes belonging to the genera  Sulfurimonas  and  Sulfurovum  are both present and expressed at most diffuse vent sites, but not in background seawater. Although  Sulfurovum -like  soxB  genes were detected in all fluid samples, the RNA profiles were nearly identical among the vents and suggest that  Sulfurimonas -like species are the primary  Epsilonproteobacteria  responsible for actively oxidizing sulfur via the Sox pathway at each vent. Community patterns of subseafloor  Epsilonproteobacteria  16S rRNA genes were best matched to methane concentrations in vent fluids, as well as individual vent locations, indicating that both geochemistry and geographical isolation play a role in structuring subseafloor microbial populations. The data show that in the subseafloor at Axial Seamount,  Epsilonproteobacteria  are expressing the  soxB  gene and that microbial patterns in community distribution are linked to both vent location and chemistry.

Phylogenetic diversity and functional gene patterns of sulfur-oxidizing subseafloor Epsilonproteobacteria in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids