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The response of N 2  fixation andNO3    -uptake to environmental conditions and nutrient enrichment experiments in three western U.S. lake systems was studied (eutrophic Clear Lake; mesotrophic Walker Lake; oligotrophic Lake Tahoe). We tested the effect of additions of bioactive trace metals molybdenum as Mo(V) and iron (Fe) as well as phosphate (P), N 2  fixation,NO3    -, carbon (C) fixation, chlorophyll  a  (Chl a ), and bacterial cell counts under both natural conditions and in mesocosm experiments. We found distinct background N 2  fixation andNO3    -uptake rates: highest at Clear Lake (N 2  fixation: 44.7 ± 1.8 nmol N L −1  h −1 ), intermediate at Walker Lake (N 2  fixation: 1.7 ± 1.1 nmol N L −1  h −1 ;NO3    -uptake: 113 ± 37 nmol N L −1  h −1 ), and lowest at Lake Tahoe (N 2  fixation: 0.1 ± 0.07 nmol N L −1  h −1 ;NO3    -uptake: 37.2 ± 10.0 nmol N L −1  h −1 ). N 2  fixation was stimulated above control values with the addition of Fe and Pin Clear Lake (up to 50 and 63%, respectively); with Mo(V), Fe, and P in Walker Lake (up to 121, 990, and 85%, respectively); and with Mo(V) and P in Lake Tahoe (up to 475 and 21%, respectively).NO3    -uptake showed the highest stimulation in Lake Tahoe during September 2010, with the addition of P and Mo(V) (∼84% for both). High responses to Mo(V) additions were also observed at some sites for C fixation (Lake Tahoe: 141%), Chl a  (Walker Lake: 54% and Clear Lake: 102%), and bacterial cell counts (Lake Tahoe: 61%). Overall our results suggest that co-limitation of nutrients is probably a common feature in lakes, and that some trace metals may play a crucial role in limiting N 2  fixation andNO3    -uptake activity, though primarily in non-eutrophic lakes.

Potential Trace Metal Co-Limitation Controls on N2 Fixation and NO3- Uptake in Lakes with Varying Trophic Status