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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is an important greenhouse gas and ozone depleter, but the global budget of N 2 O remains unbalanced. Currently, ∼25% of the global N 2 O emission is ascribed to uncultivated tropical soils, but the exact locations and controlling mechanisms are not clear. Here we present the first study of soil N 2 O emission from the Pantanal indicating that this South American wetland may be a significant natural source of N 2 O. At three sites, we repeatedly measured  in situ  fluxes of N 2 O and sampled porewater nitrate(NO3    -)during the low water season in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, 10 sites were screened for  in situ  fluxes of N 2 O and soilNO3    -content. The  in situ  fluxes of N 2 O were comparable to fluxes from heavily fertilized forests or agricultural soils. An important parameter affecting N 2 O emission rate was precipitation, inducing peak emissions of >3 mmol N 2 O m −2  day −1 , while the mean daily flux was 0.43 ± 0.03 mmol N 2 O m −2  day −1 . Over 170 days of the drained period, we estimated non-wetted drained soil to contribute 70.0 mmol N 2 O m −2 , while rain-induced peak events contributed 9.2 mmol N 2 O m −2 , resulting in a total N 2 O emission of 79.2 mmol N 2 O m −2 . At the sites of repeated sampling, the pool of porewater nitrate varied(   0  .  002  -  7  .  1    μmolNO3    -gdW-  1)with higher concentrations ofNO3    -( p  < 0.05) found in drained soil than in water-logged soil, indicating dynamic shifts between nitrification and denitrification. In the field, O 2  penetrated the upper 60 cm of drained soil, but was depleted in response to precipitation. Upon experimental wetting the soil showed rapid O 2  depletion followed by N 2 O accumulation and a peak emission of N 2 O(   2  .  5    - 3    .0mmolN2Om-  2day-  1)   .Assuming that the observed emission of N 2 O from these wetland soils is generally representative to the Pantanal, we suggest that this undisturbed tropical wetland potentially contributes ∼1.7% to the global N 2 O emission budget, a significant single source of N 2 O.

Extreme Emission of N2O from Tropical Wetland Soil (Pantanal, South America)