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Several studies have measured the effectiveness of masks at retaining particles of various sizes  in vitro . To identify a functional  in vivo  model, herein we used germ-free (GF) mice to test the effectiveness of textiles as filtration material and droplet barriers to complement available  in vitro -based knowledge. Herein, we report a study conducted  in vivo  with bacteria-carrying microdroplets to determine to what extent household textiles prevent contamination of GF mice in their environment. Using a recently validated spray-simulation method (mimicking a sneeze), herein we first determined that combed-cotton textiles used as two-layer-barriers covering the mouse cages prevented the contamination of all GF animals when sprayed 10–20 bacterial-droplet units/cm 2 . In additional to exposure trials, the model showed that GF mice were again protected by the combed-cotton textile after the acute exposure to 10 times more droplets (20 “spray-sneezes”, ~200 bacterial-droplet units/cm 2 ). Overall, two-layer combed-cotton protected 100% of the GF mice from bacteria-carrying droplets ( n  = 20 exposure-events), which was significantly superior compared to 100% mouse contamination without textile coverage or when 95% partly covered ( n  = 18, Fisher-exact,  p  < 0.0001). Of relevance is that two different densities of cotton were equally effective (100%) in preventing contamination regardless of density (120–vs. 200 g/m 2 ;  T -test,  p  = 0.0028), suggesting that similar density materials could prevent droplet contamination. As a practical message, we conducted a speech trial (counting numbers, 1–100) with/without the protection of the same cotton textile used as face cover. The trial illustrated that contamination of surfaces occurs at a rate of >2–6 bacteria-carrying saliva-droplets per word (2.6 droplets/cm 2 , 30 cm) when speaking at 60–70 decibels and that cotton face covers fully prevent bacterial surface contamination.

frontiers in medicine

Germ-Free Mice Under Two-Layer Textiles Are Fully Protected From Bacteria in Sprayed Microdroplets: A Functional in vivo Test Method of Facemask/Filtration Materials