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The human body is colonized by a wide variety of micro-organisms, which are known to play an important role in regulation of metabolic functions and maintaining immune homeostasis. Instantaneously after birth, skin surface, oral cavity, and gut are settled by extensive range of microbes, mainly bacteria, but also archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Commonly called human microbiota, it consists of trillions of organisms from over 1000 species. The most abundant species are members of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. An important number of studies have been undertaken to determine if the gut microbiota is a promising target for clinical treatment or prevention. In the current issue of Frontiers in Medicine – Gastroenterology, Nagpal et al. paid close attention to the role of gut in health and disease. In their paper, they raise important questions and pay particular attention to ambiguities, which still remain to be elucidated to proper understanding of the complexity of human–microbe relationships. To better translate and apply current knowledge in clinical practice, answering the queries about compositional alterations in gut microbiome by diet or during diseases is necessary.

What is the Future of the Gut Microbiota-Related Treatment? Toward Modulation of Microbiota in Preventive and Therapeutic Medicine