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The seasonal and spatial variability of the CO 2  system and air-sea fluxes were studied in surface waters of the Strait of Gibraltar between February 2019 and March 2021. High-resolution data was collected by a surface ocean observation platform aboard a volunteer observing ship. The CO 2  system was strongly influenced by temperature and salinity fluctuations forced by the seasonal and spatial variability in the depth of the Atlantic–Mediterranean Interface layer and by the tidal and wind-induced upwelling. The changes in seawater CO 2  fugacity ( f CO 2,sw ) and fluxes were mainly driven by temperature despite the significant influence of non-thermal processes in the southernmost part. The thermal to non-thermal effect ratio (T/B) reached maximum values in the northern section (&amp;gt;1.8) and minimum values in the southern section (&amp;lt;1.30). The  f CO 2,sw  increased with temperature by 9.02 ± 1.99 μatm °C –1  ( r  2  = 0.86 and ρ = 0.93) and 4.51 ± 1.66 μatm °C –1  ( r  2  = 0.48 and ρ = 0.69) in the northern and southern sections, respectively. The annual cycle of total inorganic carbon normalized to a constant salinity of 36.7 (NC  T  ) was assessed. Net community production processes described 93.5–95.6% of the total NC  T   change, while air-sea exchange and horizontal and vertical advection accounted for &amp;lt;4.6%. The  f CO 2,sw  in the Strait of Gibraltar since 1999 has been fitted to an equation with an interannual trend of 2.35 ± 0.06 μatm year –1  and a standard error of estimate of ±12.8 μatm. The seasonality of the air-sea CO 2  fluxes reported the behavior as a strong CO 2  sink during the cold months and as a weak CO 2  source during the warm months. Both the northern and the southern sections acted as a net CO 2  sink of −0.82 and −1.01 mol C m –2  year –1 , respectively. The calculated average CO 2  flux for the entire area was −7.12 Gg CO 2  year –1  (−1.94 Gg C year –1 ).

Air-Sea CO2 Exchange in the Strait of Gibraltar