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Global warming is increasing ocean temperatures, forcing marine organisms to respond to a suite of changing environmental conditions. The stable oxygen isotopic composition of otoliths is often used as an index of temperature exposure, but the accuracy of the resulting temperature reconstructions in wild, free-swimming Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) has never been groundtruthed. Based on temperatures from data storage tags (DST) and corresponding salinity values, the stable oxygen isotope (δ 18 O) value was predicted for each month of tagging and compared with δ 18 O  otolith   values measured  in situ  with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Paired-sample Wilcoxon tests were applied to compare measured and predicted δ 18 O values. The difference between measured and predicted mean and maximum δ 18 O  otolith   values was not significant, suggesting a good correspondence between SIMS-measured and DST-predicted δ 18 O  ot    olith   values. However, SIMS-measured and predicted minimum δ 18 O  otolith   values were significantly different (all samples:  p  &amp;lt; 0.01, coastal and frontal cod:  p  &amp;lt; 0.05), resulting in overestimation of maximum temperatures. Our results confirm that otoliths are well-suited as proxies for mean ambient temperature reconstructions. A possible matrix effect and the absence of a reliable aragonite standard for SIMS measurements appeared to cause a small divergence between measured and predicted δ 18 O  otolith   values, which affected the estimation accuracy of absolute temperature. However, relative temperature changes were accurately estimated by SIMS-analyzed δ 18 O  otolith   values.

Accuracy of Otolith Oxygen Isotope Records Analyzed by SIMS as an Index of Temperature Exposure of Wild Icelandic Cod (Gadus morhua)