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C1Q (Complement 1Q) is an important recognition molecule in the immunological complement system, which could also be putatively involved in the stress responses induced by endotoxins or exotoxins, potentially through detoxification processes. Marine bivalves are well adapted to highly complex aquatic environments with various stressors. As filter feeders, they have to cope with highly potent microalgae-derived neurotoxins, such as paralytic shellfish toxin (PSTs). Zhikong scallops,  Chlamys farreri , are commercially important bivalve with the remarkable ability to accumulate PSTs. Exploring the  C1Q s related to PST accumulation in  C. farreri  could benefit our understanding of the adaptations of bivalve species. In the present study, we systematically analyzed  C1Q  genes in  C. farreri . In total, 97  CfC1Q  genes mainly from the expanded C1Q-B subfamily were identified, from which the  C1QL ,  C1QTNF , and  C1QDC1  members in  C. farreri  were revealed to be under positive selection. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that most  CfC1QL s and  CfC1QDC1 s were highly expressed during the post-umbo stage and in hepatopancreas, while most  CfC1QTNF  members were highly expressed after the creeping larva stage and in mantle. The hepatopancreas and kidney in  C. farreri  are two toxin-rich organs with the highest concentrations of PSTs, acting as major “centers” for toxin accumulation and transformation, respectively. Therefore, after feeding the scallops with PST-producing dinoflagellates  Alexandrium minutum  and  Alexandrium catenella , we determined the expression patterns of  CfC1Q s in these two organs. In kidney, more than 85% of  CfC1QL s and  CfC1QDC1 s showed drastic up-regulation with both diets. However, among these members with significant induction, a different response manner was detected after feeding with  A. minutum  and  A. catenella , respectively as acute and chronic response patterns. In comparison, far fewer  CfC1Q s showing significant up-regulation in hepatopancreas with both toxic diets and only mild regulation pattern could be found. This organ-, toxin-, and time-dependent genetic regulation of  CfC1Q s may contribute to the virulence difference on account of the tissue-specific or dinoflagellate-specific different toxin analogs composition, implying the possible involvement of  CfC1Q s in PST transport and homeostasis. Our findings imply the functional diversity of scallop  C1Q  genes in coping with PST accumulation, which might be developed as potential molecular indicators for monitoring toxin accumulation in edible mollusks or provide insight into the lineage-specific adaptation of scallops for dealing with microalgal toxin challenges.

Expansion of C1Q Genes in Zhikong Scallop and Their Expression Profiling After Exposure to the Toxic Dinoflagellates