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Seagrasses typically display vertical zonation patterns in tropical and temperate areas. In East Asia, three  Zostera  species ( Z. japonica, Z. marina , and  Z. caespitosa ) are distributed at different water depths, leading to zonation patterns from intertidal to subtidal zones. The present study aimed to determine whether these patterns could be explained by differences in their physiological responses, morphological traits, and meadows architecture caused by depth variations. Intertidal  Zostera japonica  had the lowest shoot height and blade width and the highest shoot density, while subtidal  Z. caespitosa  exhibited the largest specific leaf area. Total carotenoid content and the total chlorophyll/total carotenoid ratio were significantly higher in  Z. japonica  than in  Z. marina  or  Z. caespitosa . The average carbon stable isotope (δ 13 C) values were significantly less negative in  Z. caespitosa  than in  Z. marina  and  Z. japonica . The average maximum relative electron transport rate was higher for  Z. marina  than for  Z. japonica  and  Z. caespitosa , while the maximum quantum yield values were higher for  Z caespitosa  than for  Z. japonica  and  Z. marina . The non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of  Z. japonica  extinguished within 5-min following the rapid light curve, indicating that most of its NPQ was energy-dependent quenching (qE). The rapid light curve (RLC) parameters and leaf relaxation after RLC showed that  Z. japonica  is a high-light adapted species and  Z. caespitosa  is a low-light adapted one. Additionally,  Z. caespitosa  showed the lowest dark respiration values and  Z. japonica , the highest, suggesting that  Z. caespitosa  can survive with low photosynthetic activity. These results suggested that interspecific variations in the morphological and physiological characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and meadows architecture of three  Zostera  species were associated with vertical zonation patterns and likely explain their patterns.

Growth and Photoacclimation Strategies of Three Zostera Species Along a Vertical Gradient: Implications for Seagrass Zonation Patterns