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For hundreds of millions of years, the biogeography of many marine species has been shaped by geological events at various times throughout Earth’s history (Palumbi, 1996). The allopatric barriers that have emerged as a result of these long processes have contributed to the stunning diversity that exists in the world’s oceans. Since the early works of John Avise and his proposal of using genes to assess biogeographical patterns of species i.e., “phylogeography” (Avise, 2008), marine ecologists have become heavily reliant on genetic data to investigate species dispersal on both global and regional scales. This involves the development of complex statistical models to measure everything from population structure andmigration rates to divergence times. One reason for this popularity is due to the difficulty in tracking individual organisms in vast ocean basins, especially species that produce thousands to millions of offspring per female, which are then carried off by ocean currents (Levin, 2006 and references therein). Phylogeography has also been used in important applications such as the designing of marine protected areas (MPAs) (Von der Heyden et al., 2014), genetic assessment of fish stocks (Carvalho and Hauser, 1994), and tracking the spread of invasive species (Rius et al., 2015). Despite its popularity, phylogeographic assessments remain an indirect method of determining biogeographic patterns. It is limited because the statistical algorithms used, regardless of how complex they are, cannot completely incorporate the dynamic nature of the marine environment i.e., the “seascape” (Selkoe et al., 2008, 2010). Here, I discuss one of the limitations of marine phylogeography that has not attracted much attention in the literature but is of particular importance due to the contemporary issue of biological invasions. This is the inability of molecular data to effectively detect panmixia due to the dilution and subsequent erosion of phylogeographic barriers caused by multiple introductory events. Also proposed is a solution for dealing with this issue which includes a combination of the traditional genetic approaches coupled with high resolution biophysical models.

frontiers in marine science

Reconsidering Panmixia: The Erosion of Phylogeographic Barriers Due to Anthropogenic Transport and the Incorporation of Biophysical Models as a Solution