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Based on the epidemiological link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the unique feature of the periodontal bacterium  Porphyromonas gingivalis  to citrullinate proteins, it has been suggested that production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), which are present in a majority of RA patients, may be triggered in the gum mucosa. To address this hypothesis, we investigated the antibody response to a citrullinated  P. gingivalis  peptide in relation to the autoimmune ACPA response in early RA, and examined citrulline-reactivity in monoclonal antibodies derived from human gingival B cells. Antibodies to a citrullinated peptide derived from  P. gingivalis  (denoted CPP3) and human citrullinated peptides were analyzed by multiplex array in 2,807 RA patients and 372 controls; associations with RA risk factors and clinical features were examined. B cells from inflamed gingival tissue were single-cell sorted, and immunoglobulin (Ig) genes were amplified, sequenced, cloned and expressed (n=63) as recombinant monoclonal antibodies, and assayed for citrulline-reactivities by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, affinity-purified polyclonal anti-cyclic-citrullinated peptide (CCP2) IgG, and monoclonal antibodies derived from RA blood and synovial fluid B cells (n=175), were screened for CPP3-reactivity. Elevated anti-CPP3 antibody levels were detected in RA (11%), mainly CCP2+ RA, compared to controls (2%), p&amp;lt;0.0001, with a significant association to  HLA-DRB1  shared epitope alleles, smoking and baseline pain, but with low correlation to autoimmune ACPA fine-specificities. Monoclonal antibodies derived from gingival B cells showed cross-reactivity between  P. gingivalis  CPP3 and human citrullinated peptides, and a CPP3+/CCP2+ clone, derived from an RA blood memory B cell, was identified. Our data support the possibility that immunity to  P. gingivalis  derived citrullinated antigens, triggered in the inflamed gum mucosa, may contribute to the presence of ACPA in RA patients, through mechanisms of molecular mimicry.

frontiers in immunology

Antibodies to a Citrullinated Porphyromonas gingivalis Epitope Are Increased in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Can Be Produced by Gingival Tissue B Cells: Implications for a Bacterial Origin in RA Etiology