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The absence of the mouse cell surface receptor CD38 in  Cd38 −/−   mice suggests that this receptor acts as a positive regulator of inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Here, we report that, in the context of the chronic graft- versus -host disease (cGVHD) lupus inducible model, the transfer of B6.C-H2bm12/KhEg(bm12) spleen cells into co-isogenic  Cd38 −/−   B6 mice causes milder lupus-like autoimmunity with lower levels of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies than the transfer of bm12 spleen cells into WT B6 mice. In addition, significantly lower percentages of Tfh cells, as well as GC B cells, plasma cells, and T-bet + CD11c hi  B cells, were observed in  Cd38 −/−   mice than in WT mice, while the expansion of Treg cells and Tfr cells was normal, suggesting that the ability of  Cd38 −/−   B cells to respond to allogeneic help from bm12 CD4 +  T cells is greatly diminished. The frequencies of T-bet + CD11c hi  B cells, which are considered the precursors of the autoantibody-secreting cells, correlate with anti-ssDNA autoantibody serum levels, IL-27, and sCD40L. Proteomics profiling of the spleens from WT cGVHD mice reflects a STAT1-driven type I IFN signature, which is absent in  Cd38 −/−   cGVHD mice. Kidney, spleen, and liver inflammation was mild and resolved faster in  Cd38 −/−   cGVHD mice than in WT cGVHD mice. We conclude that CD38 in B cells functions as a modulator receptor that controls autoimmune responses.

CD38 Deficiency Ameliorates Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Murine Lupus via a B-Cell-Dependent Mechanism