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The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family consists of proinflammatory cytokines conserved during evolution. A comparative genomics approach was applied to examine IL-17 throughout evolution from poriferans to higher vertebrates. Cnidaria was highlighted as the most ancient diverged phylum, and several evolutionary patterns were revealed. Large expansions of the IL-17 repertoire were observed in marine molluscs and echinoderm species. We further studied this expansion in filter-fed  Mytilus galloprovincialis , which is a bivalve with a highly effective innate immune system supported by a variable pangenome. We recovered 379 unique IL-17 sequences and 96 receptors from individual genomes that were classified into 23 and 6 isoforms after phylogenetic analyses. Mussel IL-17 isoforms were conserved among individuals and shared between closely related Mytilidae species. Certain isoforms were specifically implicated in the response to a waterborne infection with  Vibrio splendidus  in mussel gills. The involvement of IL-17 in mucosal immune responses could be conserved in higher vertebrates from these ancestral lineages.

The Evolution and Diversity of Interleukin-17 Highlight an Expansion in Marine Invertebrates and Its Conserved Role in Mucosal Immunity