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Acute graft vs. host disease (aGvHD) is a frequent complication following allogeneic haematopoeitic transplantation (HSCT). Despite recent advances, there are no universally accepted biomarkers to determine development of aGvHD. MicroRNAs miR-146a and miR-155 have been previously associated with aGvHD and show promise as clinically translatable biomarkers. In this study, we performed comprehensive expression profiling of miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-155 *  expression in aGvHD target tissue and biofluids and relate expression to post-HSCT outcomes.   Materials and Methods:  MicroRNA expression was assessed by qRT-PCR in gastrointestinal ( n  = 31) and skin ( n  = 31) biopsies as well as serum (exploratory cohort  n  = 34, verification cohort  n  = 81, diagnostic cohort  n  = 65) and urine (exploratory cohort  n  = 30, verification cohort  n  = 56, diagnostic cohort  n  = 20) biofluids, including extracellular vesicle (EV) cohorts (serum EV  n  = 15, urine EV  n  = 30). Expression was related to aGvHD incidence, severity and overall survival.   Results:  In GI samples, expression of miR-155 ( p  = 0.03) and miR-146a ( p  = 0.03) was higher at aGvHD onset compared to patients with no GvHD. In skin biopsies, expression of miR-155 ( p  = 0.004) was upregulated in aGvHD patients compared to normal control skin. Expression of miR-146a was higher in aGvHD compared to no aGvHD biopsies ( p  = 0.002). In serum, miR-155 ( p  = 0.03) and miR-146a ( p  = 0.02) expression was higher at day 14 (D14), while in urine expression was elevated at D7 post-HSCT in patients who developed aGvHD compared to those disease-free. This was verified in an independent serum (miR-155  p  = 0.005, miR-146a  p  = 0.003) and urine (miR-155  p  = 0.02, miR-146a  p  = 0.04) cohort, where both microRNAs were also associated with aGvHD by ROC analysis. In serum and urine samples taken at the time of aGvHD symptoms, expression of miR-155 and miR-146a was also elevated (serum miR-155  p  = 0.03, miR-146a  p  < 0.001; urine miR-155  p  = 0.02, miR-146a  p  = 0.02). In contrast, miR-146a and miR-155 were downregulated at D14 in serum EVs and at D7 in urine EVs in patients who developed aGvHD compared to those that remained disease-free, in both an exploratory (serum miR-155  p  = 0.02, miR-146a  p  = 0.06; urine miR-155  p  = 0.02, miR-146a  p  = 0.07) and an independent cohort (serum miR-155  p  = 0.01, miR-146a  p  = 0.02).   Conclusions:  These results further support a role for miR-155 and miR-146a as non-invasive, clinically relevant biomarkers for aGvHD. However, the link between their involvement in generalized inflammation and in specific pathophysiology requires further investigation at a systemic level.

Profiling Tissue and Biofluid miR-155-5p, miR-155*, and miR-146a-5p Expression in Graft vs. Host Disease