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Type I interferon is widely used for antiviral therapy, yet has yielded disappointing results toward chronic HBV infection. Here we identify that PEG-IFNα-2b therapy toward persistent infection in humans is a double-edged sword of both immunostimulation and immunomodulation. Our studies of this randomised trial showed persistent PEG-IFNα-2b therapy induced large number of CD24 + CD38 hi  B cells and launched a CD24 + CD38 hi  B cells centered immunosuppressive response, including downregulating functions of T cells and NK cells. Patients with low induced CD24 + CD38 hi  B cells have achieved an improved therapeutic effect. Specifically, using the anti-CD24 antibody to deplete CD24 + CD38 hi  B cells without harming other B cell subsets suggest a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic effects. Our findings show that PEG-IFNα-2b therapy toward persistent infection constitutes an immunomodulation effect, and strategies to identifying the molecular basis for the antiviral versus immunomodulatory effects of PEG-IFNα-2b to selectively manipulate these opposing activities provide an opportunity to ameliorate anti-virus immunity and control viral infection.

Immunomodulation Induced During Interferon-α Therapy Impairs the Anti-HBV Immune Response Through CD24+CD38hi B Cells