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“Immune priming” plays a vital part in the immune system of invertebrates, protecting against recurrent infections by pathogens, and can provide some ideas for the prevention and treatment of invertebrate diseases. Many invertebrates have been demonstrated recently to have immune priming, but the relevant mechanisms are not known. Expression of immune system–related genes in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas of the mud crab ( Scylla paramamosain ) before and after repeated stimulation with  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Some molecules that may participate in the immune priming of  S. paramamosain  were screened out, and their possible roles in immune priming were interpreted. Crabs injected first with heat-killed  V. parahaemolyticus  (HkVp group) or physiologic (0.9%) saline (PS group) were rechallenged at 168 h with live  V. parahaemolyticus  (HkVp+Vp group and PS+Vp group, respectively). The log-rank test shows a significant difference in survival rate between the HkVp+Vp group and the other groups after the ICH ( p  < 0.05). Expression of genes involved in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway and some antimicrobial peptide genes were detected. By, respectively, comparing gene quantification at different time points in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas, the molecules that may play a part in the early stage of the immune priming of  S. paramamosain  in the hemocytes are found to be down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), Hyastatin, Cactus, Arasin, antilipopolysaccharide factor 3 (ALF3), ALF4, ALF5, and ALF6 as well as later acting molecules, such as Crustin, Dorsal, Pelle, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). The molecules that functioned throughout the entire period are TLR and Spaetzle. In the hepatopancreas, the molecules that may play a part in the early stages of immune priming are Dscam, Hyastatin, Arasin, ALF6, Pelle, Spaetzle, Dorsal and, in the later stage, ALF4. The molecules that functioned throughout the entire period are TLR, Crustin, Cactus, MyD88, ALF3, and ALF5. In summary, the immune function of  S. paramamosain  is enhanced after it receives the same repetitive stimulation by  V. parahaemolyticus , indicating immune priming in  S. paramamosain . Our study enriches research on immune priming in invertebrates and lays the foundation for further studies revealing the molecular mechanism of immune priming in crabs.

Enhanced Immune Protection of Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain in Response to the Secondary Challenge by Vibrio parahaemolyticus