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Blood-feeding enriched gut-microbiota boosts mosquitoes' anti- Plasmodium  immunity. Here, we ask how  Plasmodium vivax  alters gut-microbiota, anti- Plasmodial  immunity, and impacts tripartite  Plasmodium -mosquito-microbiota interactions in the gut lumen. We used a metagenomics and RNAseq strategy to address these questions. In naïve mosquitoes,  Elizabethkingia meningitis  and  Pseudomonas  spp. are the dominant bacteria and blood-feeding leads to a heightened detection of  Elizabethkingia, Pseudomonas  and  Serratia 16S rRNA . A parallel RNAseq analysis of blood-fed midguts also shows the presence of  Elizabethkingia-related  transcripts. After,  P. vivax  infected blood-meal, however, we do not detect bacterial 16S rRNA until circa 36 h. Intriguingly, the transcriptional expression of a selected array of antimicrobial arsenal cecropins 1–2, defensin-1, and gambicin remained low during the first 36 h—a time frame when ookinetes/early oocysts invaded the gut. We conclude during the preinvasive phase,  P. vivax  outcompetes midgut-microbiota. This microbial suppression likely negates the impact of mosquito immunity which in turn may enhance the survival of  P. vivax . Detection of sequences matching to mosquito-associated  Wolbachia  opens a new inquiry for its exploration as an agent for “paratransgenesis-based” mosquito control.

Altered Gut Microbiota and Immunity Defines Plasmodium vivax Survival in Anopheles stephensi