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The T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex is crucial for T-cell development and regulation. In humans,  CD3D, CD3E , and  CD3Z  gene defects cause severe combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiency. However,  CD3G  mutations alone lead to a less severe condition, which is mainly characterized by autoimmunity. In the present study, we report the case of a 36-year-old male who presented with recurrent sinopulmonary infections without opportunistic infections; this was compatible with hypogammaglobulinemia, but normal PHA-lymphocyte proliferation. This patient had the common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) phenotype and received regular immunoglobulin infusions over 20-years; he gradually developed nodular regenerative hyperplasia over a 5-year period. Distinct from the previously reported  CD3G  mutations, which mainly present as autoimmunity, the novel  CD3G  deletion (c.del213A) in our patient caused an obvious decrease in switched memory B cells and diminished CD40L expression. However, sufficient Treg suppression function was maintained so that he remained free of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune pancytopenia. A PubMed search for this rare disease entity revealed seven Turkish and two Spanish patients (five unrelated families). Among a total of 20 alleles, there were 14 splicing mutations (80(-1)G>C), two missense mutations (c.1G>A), two nonsense mutations (c.250A>T), and two deletions (c.del213A). Three patients presented with isolated AIT without significant infections. Three patients died, one from a severe infection at 31 months, one from post-transplant respiratory failure due to viral pneumonia at 17 months, and one from graft-vs.-host disease at 47 months. Those experiencing opportunistic infections, severe life-threatening infections in need of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and IBD-like diarrhea had a significantly higher mortality rate compared with those without these features ( p  = 0.0124,  p  = 0.01, and  p  = 0.0124, respectively). The patients with AIT had a significantly better prognosis ( p  = 0.0124) to those without AIT. Our patient with the novel  CD3G  mutation presented with predominant B-cell deficiency overlapping with the CVID phenotype but without recognizable autoimmunity, which was consistent with his normal Treg suppression function.

frontiers in immunology

A Novel CD3G Mutation in a Taiwanese Patient With Normal T Regulatory Function Presenting With the CVID Phenotype Free of Autoimmunity—Analysis of all Genotypes and Phenotypes