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B cells have recently been proven to have phagocytic activities, but few studies have explored the relevant regulation mechanisms. In this study, we showed that the Japanese flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) membrane-bound (m)IgM +  B lymphocyte population could phagocytose inactivated  Lactococcus lactis  with a mean phagocytic rate of 25%. High-purity mIgM +  B lymphocytes were subsequently sorted to investigate the cellular response to  L. lactis  stimulation  in vitro . Transcriptome analysis identified 1,375 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after  L. lactis  stimulation, including 975 upregulated and 400 downregulated genes. Many of these DEGs were enriched in multiple pathways associated with phagocytosis such as focal adhesion, the phagosome, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. Moreover, many genes involved in phagolysosomal function and antigen presentation were also upregulated after stimulation, indicating that mIgM +  B lymphocytes may degrade the internalized bacteria and present processed antigenic peptides to other immune cells. Interestingly, the type I interferon 3 ( IFN I-3)  gene was upregulated after  L. lactis  stimulation, and further analysis showed that the recombinant (r)IFN I-3 significantly enhanced phagocytosis of  L. lactis  and  Edwardsiella tarda  by mIgM +  B lymphocytes. In addition, significantly higher intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected in mIgM +  B lymphocytes following rIFN I-3 treatment. We also found that IFN I-3 significantly upregulated  Stat1  expression in mIgM +  B lymphocytes, and the enhancing effect of IFN I-3 on mIgM +  B lymphocyte-mediated phagocytosis was suppressed by fludarabine treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mIgM +  B cell-mediated phagocytosis in the Japanese flounder is effectively triggered by bacterial stimulation, and further enhanced by IFN I-3, which itself may be regulated by Stat1.

frontiers in immunology

Transcriptome Analysis of Immune Response of mIgM+ B Lymphocytes in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to Lactococcus lactis in vitro Revealed That IFN I-3 Could Enhance Their Phagocytosis