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The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) established by tumor cells, stromal cells and inhibitory immune cells counteracts the function of tumor reactive T cells. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) showing functional plasticity contribute to this process as so called M2-like macrophages can suppress the function of effector T cells and promote their differentiation into regulatory T cells (Tregs). Furthermore, tumor antigen specific CD4 +  T effector cells can essentially sustain anti-tumoral immune responses as shown for various tumor entities, thus suggesting that cognate interaction between tumor antigen-specific CD4 +  Th1 cells and TAMs might shift the intra-tumoral M1/M2 ratio toward M1. This study demonstrates repolarization of M2-like PECs upon MHC II-restricted interaction with tumor specific CD4 +  Th1 cells  in vitro  as shown by extensive gene and protein expression analyses. Moreover, adoptive transfer of OVA-specific OT-II cells into C57BL/6 mice bearing OVA expressing IA b−/−  tumors resulted in increased accumulation of M1-like TAMs with enhanced M1 associated gene and protein expression profiles. Thus, this paper highlights a so far underestimated function of the CD4 +  Th1/TAM axis in re-conditioning the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Cognate Interaction With CD4+ T Cells Instructs Tumor-Associated Macrophages to Acquire M1-Like Phenotype