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Objectives:  To explore the molecular mechanisms in which vitamin D (VD) regulates T cells, especially Th17 cells in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA).   Methods:  DBA1/J mice induced for CIA were intraperitoneally treated with VD. CIA clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses including Th1/Th17/Tregs percentages were determined and compared. Mouse naïve CD4 +  T cells transduced with miR-124 inhibitor or not were polarized to Th17 cells with or without VD. Subsequently, cellular differentiation and IL-6 signaling moleculars were analyzed.   Results:  VD treatment significantly delayed CIA onset, decreased incidence and clinical scores of arthritis, downregulated serum IgG levels and ameliorated bone erosion. VD downregulated IL-17A production in CD4 +  T cells while increased CD4 + Foxp3 + Nrp-1 +  cells both in draining lymph nodes and synovial fluid in arthritic mice. VD inhibited Th17 cells differentiation  in vivo  and  in vitro  and potentially functioning directly on T cells to restrain Th17 cells through limiting IL-6R expression and its downstream signaling including STAT3 phosphorylation, while these effects were blocked when naïve CD4 +  T cells were transduced with miR-124 inhibitor.   Conclusions:  VD treatment ameliorates CIA via suppression of Th17 cells and enhancement of Tregs. miR-124-mediated inhibition of IL-6 signaling, provides a novel explanation for VD's role on T cells in CIA mice or RA patients and suggests that VD may have treatment implications in rheumatoid arthritis.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Suppression of Th17 Cells Through miR-124 Mediated Inhibition of IL-6 Signaling