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The epithelium of the intestine functions as the primary “frontline” physical barrier for protection from enteric microbiota. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) distributed along the intestinal epithelium are predominantly CD8 +  T cells, among which CD8αβ +  IELs are a large population. In this investigation, the proportion and absolute number of CD8αβ +  IELs decreased significantly in antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice. Moreover, the number of CD8αβ +  IELs was correlated closely with the load of commensal microbes, and induced by specific members of commensal bacteria. Microarray analysis revealed that CD8αβ +  IELs expressed a series of genes encoding potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whereas CD8αβ +  splenocytes did not. The antimicrobial activity of CD8αβ +  IELs was confirmed by an antimicrobial-activity assay. In conclusion, microbicidal CD8αβ +  IELs are regulated by commensal bacteria which, in turn, secrete AMPs that have a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the small intestine.

Commensal Bacteria-Dependent CD8αβ+ T Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium Produce Antimicrobial Peptides