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Two cytokines, fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are considered to be the essential regulators of dendritic cell (DC) development  in vivo . However, the combined effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs has not been evaluated  in vivo . In this study, we, therefore, aimed at evaluating this using a humanized mouse model. Humanized non-obese diabetic/SCID/Jak3 null  (hNOJ) mice were constructed by transplanting hematopoietic stem cells from human umbilical cord blood into newborn NOJ mice, and  in vivo  transfection (IVT) was performed by hydrodynamic injection-mediated gene delivery using plasmids encoding human Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Following IVT, Flt3-L and GM-CSF were successfully induced in hNOJ mice. At 10 days post-IVT, we found, in the spleen, that treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF enhanced the reconstitution of two myeloid DC subsets, CD14 − CD1c +  conventional DCs (cDCs) and CD14 − CD141 +  cDCs, in addition to CD14 +  monocyte-like cells expressing CD1c and/or CD141. GM-CSF alone had less effect on the reconstitution of these myeloid cell populations. By contrast, none of the cytokine treatments enhanced CD123 +  plasmacytoid DC (pDC) reconstitution. Regardless of the reconstitution levels, three cell populations (CD1c +  myeloid cells, CD141 +  myeloid cells, and pDCs) could be matured by treatment with cytokines, in terms of upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, and CD184/CXCR4 and downregulation of CD195/CCR5. In particular, GM-CSF contributed to upregulation of CD80 in all these cell populations. Interestingly, we further observed that Foxp3 +  cells within splenic CD4 +  T cells were significantly increased in the presence of GM-CSF. Foxp3 +  T cells could be subdivided into two subpopulations, CD45RA − Foxp3 hi  and CD45RA − Foxp3 lo  T cells. Whereas CD45RA − Foxp3 hi  T cells were increased only after treatment with GM-CSF alone, CD45RA − Foxp3 lo  T cells were increased only after treatment with both Flt3-L and GM-CSF. Treatment with Flt3-L alone had no effect on the number of Foxp3 +  T cells. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the development of these Foxp3 +  subpopulations was associated with the maturation status of DC(-like) cells. Taken together, this study provides a platform for studying the  in vivo  effect of Flt3-L and GM-CSF on human DCs and regulatory T cells.

frontiers in immunology

Introduction of Human Flt3-L and GM-CSF into Humanized Mice Enhances the Reconstitution and Maturation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and the Development of Foxp3+CD4+ T Cells