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Vaccine delivery is critical in antigen discovery and vaccine efficacy and safety. The diversity of infectious diseases in humans and livestock has required the development of varied delivery vehicles to target different pathogens. In livestock animals, previous strategies for the development of coccidiosis vaccines have encountered several hurdles, limiting the development of multiple species vaccine formulations. Here, we describe a novel vaccine delivery system using transgenic  Eimeria tenella  expressing immunodominant antigens of  Eimeria maxima . In this delivery system, the immune mapped protein 1 of  E. maxima  (EmIMP1) was delivered by the closely related species of  E. tenella  to the host immune system during the whole endogenous life cycle. The overexpression of the exogenous antigen did not interfere with the reproduction and immunogenicity of transgenic  Eimeria . After immunization with the transgenic parasite, we detected EmIMP1’s and  E. maxima  oocyst antigens’ specific humoral and cellular immune responses. In particular, we observed partial protection of chickens immunized with transgenic  E. tenella  against subsequent  E. maxima  infections. Our results demonstrate that the transgenic  Eimeria  parasite is an ideal coccidia antigen delivery vehicle and represents a new type of coccidiosis vaccines. In addition, this model could potentially be used in the development of malaria live sporozoite vaccines, in which antigens from different strains can be expressed in the vaccine strain.

frontiers in immunology

A Novel Vaccine Delivery Model of the Apicomplexan Eimeria tenella Expressing Eimeria maxima Antigen Protects Chickens against Infection of the Two Parasites