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Mast cells (MCs) are long-living multifunctional innate immune cells that originate from hematopoietic precursors and specifically differentiate in the destination tissue, e.g., skin, respiratory mucosa, intestine, where they mediate immune cell recruitment and antimicrobial defense.  In vivo  these tissues have characteristic physiological oxygen levels that are considerably lower than the atmospheric oxygen conditions (159 mmHg, 21% O 2 ; 5% CO 2 ) traditionally used to differentiate MCs and to study their functionality  in vitro . Only little is known about the impact of physiological oxygen conditions on the differentiation process of MCs. This study aimed to characterize the differentiation of immature murine bone marrow-derived MCs under physioxia  in vitro  (7% O 2 ; 53 mmHg; 5% CO 2 ). Bone marrow-derived suspension cells were differentiated in the presence of interleukin-3 with continuous, non-invasive determination of the oxygen level using a Fibox4-PSt3 measurement system without technique-caused oxygen consumption. Trypan blue staining confirmed cellular viability during the specified period. Interestingly, MCs cultivated at 7% O 2  showed a significantly delayed differentiation rate defined by CD117-positive cells, analyzed by flow cytometry, and reached >95% CD117 positive population at day 32 after isolation. Importantly, MCs differentiated under physioxia displayed a decreased transcript expression level of  hif-1 α and selected target genes  vegf, il-6 , and  tnf- α, but an increase of  foxo3  and  vhl  expression compared to MCs cultivated under normoxia. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species as well as the amount of intracellular stored histamine was significantly lower in MCs differentiated under low oxygen levels, which might have consequences for their function such as immunomodulation of other immune cells. These results show for the first time that physioxia substantially affect maturation and the properties of MCs and highlight the need to study their function under physiologically relevant oxygen conditions.

Differentiation and Functionality of Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells Depend on Varying Physiologic Oxygen Conditions