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Pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), has been linked to an alteration of the resident microbial commensal community and of the interplay between the microbiota and the immune system. Dietary components such as fiber, acting on microbiota composition, could, in principle, result in immune modulation and, thus, could be used to obtain beneficial outcomes for patients. We verified this hypothesis in a pilot study involving two groups of clinically similar relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients who had undergone either a high-vegetable/low-protein diet (HV/LP diet group;  N  = 10) or a “Western Diet” (WD group;  N  = 10) for at least 12 months. Gut microbiota composition, analyzed by 16 S V4 rRNA gene sequencing and immunological profiles, was examined after a minimum of 12 months of diet. Results showed that, in the HV/LP diet group compared to the WD group: (1)  Lachnospiraceae  family was significantly more abundant; (2) IL-17-producing T CD4+ lymphocytes ( p  = 0.04) and PD-1 expressing T CD4+ lymphocytes ( p  = 0.0004) were significantly decreased; and (3) PD-L1 expressing monocytes ( p  = 0.009) were significantly increased. In the HV/LP diet group, positive correlations between  Lachnospiraceae  and both CD14+/IL-10+ and CD14+/TGFβ+monocytes ( R  Sp  = 0.707,  p  = 0.05, and  R  Sp  = 0.73,  p  = 0.04, respectively), as well as between  Lachnospiraceae  and CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ T lymphocytes ( R  Sp  = 0.68,  p  = 0.02) were observed. Evaluation of clinical parameters showed that in the HV/LP diet group alone the relapse rate during the 12 months follow-up period and the Expanded Disability Status Scale score at the end of the study period were significantly reduced. Diet modulates dysbiosis and improves clinical parameters in MS patients by increasing anti-inflammatory circuits. Because  Lachnospiraceae  favor Treg differentiation as well as TGFβ and IL-10 production this effect could be associated with an increase of these bacteria in the microbiota.

Immunological and Clinical Effect of Diet Modulation of the Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Pilot Study