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Bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.;  Ta ) is the staple cereal crop for the majority of the world’s population. Leaf rust disease caused by the obligate fungal pathogen,  Puccinia triticina  L., is a biotrophic pathogen causing significant economic yield damage. The alteration in the redox homeostasis of the cell caused by various kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to pathogenic infections is controlled by redox regulators. Thioredoxin (Trx) is one of the redox regulators with low molecular weight and is thermostable. Through a genome-wide approach, forty-two (42) wheat  Trx  genes ( TaTrx ) were identified across the wheat chromosome groups A, B, and D genomes containing 12, 16, and 14  Trx  genes, respectively. Based on  in silico  expression analysis, 15  TaTrx  genes were selected and utilized for further experimentation. These 15 genes were clustered into six groups by phylogenetic analysis. MicroRNA (miRNA) target analysis revealed eight different miRNA-targeted  TaTrx  genes. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed  TaTrx  proteins interact with thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin, and uncharacterized proteins. Expression profiles resulting from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed four  TaTrx  genes ( TaTrx11-5A ,  TaTrx13-5B ,  TaTrx14-5D , and  TaTrx15-3B ) were significantly induced in response to leaf rust infection. Localization of ROS and its content estimation and an assay of antioxidant enzymes and expression analysis suggested that  Trx  have been involved in ROS homeostasis at span 24HAI-72HAI during the leaf rust resistance.

frontiers in genetics

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Thioredoxin (Trx) Gene Family Reveals Its Role in Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)