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Background:  Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains a lethal disease worldwide, with numerous studies exploring its potential prognostic markers using traditional RNA sequencing (RNA- seq ) data. However, it cannot detect the exact cellular and molecular changes in tumor cells. This study aimed to construct a prognostic model for LUAD using single-cell RNA- seq  (scRNA- seq ) and traditional RNA- seq  data.   Methods:  Bulk RNA- seq  data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. LUAD scRNA- seq  data were acquired from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) was used for dimensionality reduction and cluster identification. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to identify key modules and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm was used to identify different subtypes based on DEGs. The Cox regression analysis was used to develop the prognostic model. The characteristics of mutation landscape, immune status, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) related genes between different risk groups were also investigated.   Results:  scRNA- seq  data of four samples were integrated to identify 13 clusters and 9cell types. After applying differential analysis, NK cells, bladder epithelial cells, and bronchial epithelial cells were identified as significant cell types. Overall, 329 DEGs were selected for prognostic model construction through differential analysis and WGCNA. Besides, NMF identified two clusters based on DEGs in the TCGA cohort, with distinct prognosis and immune characteristics being observed. We developed a prognostic model based on the expression levels of six DEGs. A higher risk score was significantly correlated with poor survival outcomes but was associated with a more frequent  TP53  mutation rate, higher tumor mutation burden (TMB), and up-regulation of  PD-L1 . Two independent external validation cohorts were also adopted to verify our results, with consistent results observed in them.   Conclusion:  This study constructed and validated a prognostic model for LUAD by integrating 10× scRNA- seq  and bulk RNA- seq  data. Besides, we observed two distinct subtypes in this population, with different prognosis and immune characteristics.

frontiers in genetics

Integration of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing and Bulk RNA Sequencing Data to Establish and Validate a Prognostic Model for Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma